Neuroleptics, Neurology, psychiatry
Mental Health Benefits of Plants in Your Home
Apr
In today’s fast-paced and often stressful world, finding ways to promote mental well-being has never been more important. While many people turn to meditation, therapy, or medication to manage their mental health, there is another simple and natural solution that is often overlooked: incorporating plants into your living space.
From reducing stress and anxiety to boosting creativity and productivity, the presence of indoor plants has been shown to have a profound impact on mental health. In this article, we will explore the various ways in which plants can improve your mental well-being and provide practical tips for incorporating them into your home environment.
The Connection Between Nature and Mental Well-being
The relationship between nature and mental health has been explored for centuries, with many cultures recognizing the healing power of the natural world. The biophilia hypothesis, proposed by biologist E.O. Wilson, suggests that humans have an innate affinity for nature and that connecting with it is essential for our physical and mental well-being[1]. This concept has gained significant attention in recent years, as more people seek to understand the impact of nature on their mental health.
One of the primary ways in which nature affects mental well-being is through stress reduction. The stress reduction theory, developed by environmental psychologists Rachel and Stephen Kaplan, proposes that exposure to natural environments can help reduce stress and mental fatigue[2]. This is because nature provides a calming and restorative environment that allows the mind to relax and recharge.
Attention Restoration Theory and Cognitive Benefits of Nature
In addition to reducing stress, nature has also been shown to have cognitive benefits. The attention restoration theory, put forth by the Kaplans, suggests that nature can help improve focus and concentration by providing a break from the mental demands of daily life[3]. This is because natural environments are rich in “soft fascinations,” such as the movement of leaves in the wind or the sound of birds chirping, which can gently capture our attention without overstimulating our minds.
Mood-Enhancing Effects of Plants and Greenery
The presence of plants and greenery has also been linked to improved mood and emotional well-being. Studies have shown that exposure to nature can increase feelings of happiness, contentment, and vitality while reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety.
| Benefit | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Stress Reduction | Natural environments provide a calming and restorative space |
| 2 | Improved Concentration | Nature offers a break from mental fatigue and can improve focus |
| 3 | Mood Enhancement | Exposure to nature can increase feelings of happiness and contentment |
Historical Use of Plants in Healthcare Settings
The use of plants in healthcare settings has a long history, with many cultures incorporating nature into the healing process. For example:
- In ancient Egypt, physicians prescribed walks in gardens for patients with mental illness
- In medieval Europe, monasteries often included gardens as a place for patients to relax and recover
- In the 19th century, the concept of “moral treatment” emerged, which emphasized the importance of nature in the treatment of mental illness
Today, many hospitals and healthcare facilities incorporate plants and gardens into their design, recognizing the therapeutic benefits of nature for patients and staff alike.
How Indoor Plants Improve Air Quality and Respiratory Health
In addition to their mental health benefits, indoor plants have been shown to improve air quality and respiratory health. Plants act as natural air purifiers, removing toxins and pollutants from the air and releasing oxygen through the process of photosynthesis[4]. This can have a significant impact on respiratory health, particularly in indoor environments where air quality is often poor.
Common Indoor Air Pollutants and Their Health Effects
Indoor air pollution is a serious problem, with many common pollutants contributing to respiratory issues and other health concerns. Some of the most common indoor air pollutants include:
- Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from cleaning products, furniture, and carpets
- Carbon dioxide from human respiration and combustion
- Dust, pollen, and pet dander
- Mold and other biological contaminants
Exposure to these pollutants can lead to a range of health problems, including headaches, fatigue, allergies, and respiratory issues such as asthma and bronchitis[5].
NASA Clean Air Study and Top Air-Purifying Plants
In the late 1980s, NASA conducted a study to determine the best ways to purify the air in space stations. The study, known as the NASA Clean Air Study, identified several plants that were particularly effective at removing indoor air pollutants[6]. Some of the top air-purifying plants identified in the study include:
| Plant | Pollutants Removed | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Snake Plant | Formaldehyde, xylene, toluene |
| 2 | Spider Plant | Formaldehyde, xylene, carbon monoxide |
| 3 | Peace Lily | Ammonia, benzene, formaldehyde |
| 4 | Boston Fern | Formaldehyde, xylene, benzene |
Improved Air Quality and Reduced Risk of Respiratory Issues
By incorporating these and other air-purifying plants into your home, you can significantly improve indoor air quality and reduce your risk of respiratory issues. Studies have shown that indoor plants can reduce air pollutants by up to 87% in just 24 hours, making them a simple and effective way to promote respiratory health.
Proper Plant Care for Optimal Air Purification
To maximize the air-purifying benefits of indoor plants, it is important to properly care for them. This includes providing adequate light, water, and nutrients, as well as regularly cleaning leaves to remove dust and debris. By keeping your plants healthy and thriving, you can ensure that they are effectively removing pollutants from the air and promoting a healthier indoor environment.
The Role of Plants in Reducing Stress and Anxiety
One of the most significant benefits of indoor plants is their ability to reduce stress and anxiety. In today’s fast-paced world, many people experience high levels of stress and anxiety, which can have a negative impact on both mental and physical health. Studies have shown that the presence of plants can help alleviate these symptoms, promoting a sense of calm and relaxation[7].
The Calming Effect of Plants on the Mind and Body
Plants have a calming effect on the mind and body, helping to reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. This is due in part to the natural beauty and tranquility that plants provide, as well as their ability to create a sense of connection with nature. Additionally, the act of caring for plants can itself be a calming and meditative practice, providing a sense of purpose and accomplishment[8].
Horticultural Therapy and Its Benefits
The use of plants and gardening as a therapeutic tool is known as horticultural therapy. This practice has been shown to have numerous benefits for mental health, including:
- Reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety
- Improving mood and self-esteem
- Providing a sense of purpose and accomplishment
- Encouraging social interaction and connection with others
Horticultural therapy is used in a variety of settings, including hospitals, nursing homes, and mental health facilities, as well as in community gardens and individual homes[9].
The Psychological Benefits of Caring for Plants
The act of caring for plants can itself provide psychological benefits, helping to reduce stress and anxiety. This is because nurturing plants requires focus and attention, which can help distract from negative thoughts and worries. Additionally, the sense of accomplishment that comes from successfully caring for a living thing can boost self-esteem and improve overall mood.
| Benefit | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Stress Reduction | Caring for plants can be a calming and meditative practice |
| 2 | Improved Mood | The sense of accomplishment from nurturing a living thing can boost mood |
| 3 | Increased Mindfulness | Focusing on plant care can help distract from negative thoughts and worries |
Indoor Plants as a Cost-Effective Stress Management Tool
Compared to other stress management techniques, such as therapy or medication, incorporating indoor plants into your life is a cost-effective and accessible option. With a wide variety of plants available at different price points, it’s easy to find species that fit your budget and lifestyle. Plus, the long-term benefits of reduced stress and improved mental well-being make indoor plants a worthwhile investment in your overall health and happiness.
Plants and Improved Concentration and Productivity
In addition to reducing stress and anxiety, indoor plants have been shown to improve concentration and productivity. This is particularly important in today’s world, where many people spend long hours working in office environments or studying in educational settings. By incorporating plants into these spaces, individuals can enhance their cognitive function and overall performance[10].
The Attention Restoration Theory and Plants
The attention restoration theory, as mentioned earlier, suggests that exposure to nature can help improve focus and concentration. This is because natural environments provide a sense of fascination, which allows the mind to rest and recover from mental fatigue. Indoor plants can mimic these natural environments, providing similar benefits in terms of attention restoration and improved cognitive function[11].
Studies on Plants and Cognitive Performance
Several studies have investigated the relationship between indoor plants and cognitive performance. For example:
- A study by the University of Michigan found that exposure to nature, including plants, improved memory retention and attention span
- A Norwegian study found that the presence of plants in an office environment led to a 15% increase in productivity
- A Texas A&M University study found that tasks performed in a room with plants were completed with greater accuracy and speed compared to a room without plants
These studies demonstrate the tangible benefits of incorporating plants into work and study environments[12].
Optimal Plant Placement for Concentration and Productivity
To maximize the concentration and productivity benefits of indoor plants, it is important to consider their placement. Plants should be positioned in areas where people spend a significant amount of time, such as near desks or workstations. Additionally, plants with larger leaves or more complex visual patterns may be more effective in capturing attention and providing a restorative effect.
| Location | Benefit | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Near desks or workstations | Provides a direct visual connection to nature |
| 2 | In common areas or break rooms | Offers a restorative space for mental breaks |
| 3 | In conference rooms or meeting spaces | Creates a calming and productive atmosphere |
Balancing Plant Benefits with Maintenance and Care
While the benefits of indoor plants for concentration and productivity are clear, it is important to balance these benefits with the maintenance and care required to keep plants healthy. Choosing low-maintenance species, such as snake plants or pothos, can help ensure that the positive effects of plants are not outweighed by the time and effort needed to care for them. By striking the right balance, individuals and organizations can enjoy the cognitive benefits of indoor plants without added stress or burden.
The Mood-Boosting Effects of Indoor Plants
In addition to improving cognitive function and reducing stress, indoor plants have been shown to have a positive impact on overall mood. This is due in part to the psychological benefits of being in the presence of nature, as well as the physiological effects of improved air quality and increased oxygen levels[13].
The Connection Between Nature and Positive Emotions
Humans have an innate connection to nature, and being in the presence of plants and other natural elements has been shown to elicit positive emotions. This phenomenon, known as biophilia, suggests that we have a deep-seated need to connect with the natural world. By incorporating indoor plants into our living and working spaces, we can tap into these positive emotions and improve our overall mood[14].
The Role of Plants in Reducing Symptoms of Depression
Studies have shown that the presence of indoor plants can help reduce symptoms of depression. This is likely due to a combination of factors, including:
- Improved air quality and increased oxygen levels
- The calming and restorative effects of nature
- The sense of accomplishment and purpose derived from caring for plants
- Increased social interaction and connection with others through shared plant care
By incorporating plants into their daily lives, individuals struggling with depression may find some relief from their symptoms and an overall improvement in their mood[15].
Plants and the Release of Mood-Enhancing Chemicals
In addition to the psychological benefits of being around plants, there is evidence to suggest that plants may also have physiological effects on the brain. Some studies have shown that the presence of plants can trigger the release of mood-enhancing chemicals, such as serotonin and dopamine. These neurotransmitters play a key role in regulating emotions and promoting feelings of happiness and well-being.
| Chemical | Effect | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Serotonin | Regulates mood, sleep, and appetite; promotes feelings of happiness |
| 2 | Dopamine | Involved in reward and motivation; promotes feelings of pleasure |
| 3 | Oxytocin | Promotes bonding and social connection; reduces stress and anxiety |
Creating a Plant-Filled Environment for Optimal Mood Benefits
To create an environment that maximizes the mood-boosting benefits of indoor plants, it is important to incorporate a variety of species throughout your space. This can include a mix of low-maintenance plants, such as snake plants or ZZ plants, as well as more colorful or visually interesting species, such as orchids or bromeliads. By surrounding yourself with a diverse array of plants, you can create a space that promotes positive emotions and enhances your overall well-being.
Plants and Enhanced Creativity and Inspiration
Indoor plants not only improve mood and cognitive function but also have the potential to enhance creativity and inspiration. The presence of plants in living and working spaces can stimulate the mind, providing a source of visual interest and a connection to the natural world that can spark new ideas and perspectives[16].
The Relationship Between Nature and Creativity
Studies have shown that exposure to nature can enhance creativity and problem-solving abilities. This is likely due to the way in which natural environments provide a sense of tranquility and allow the mind to wander and explore new ideas. By incorporating indoor plants into their surroundings, individuals can tap into this creative potential and find inspiration in the beauty and diversity of the natural world[17].
Plants as a Source of Visual Inspiration
In addition to their psychological benefits, plants can also serve as a source of visual inspiration for creative pursuits. The intricate patterns, textures, and colors found in plants can provide a wealth of material for artists, designers, and other creative professionals. By observing and drawing inspiration from the natural beauty of plants, individuals can create works that are both innovative and deeply connected to the world around them.
- Leaf patterns and textures can inspire unique textile designs
- Flower colors and shapes can influence color palettes in graphic design
- Plant forms and structures can guide architectural and product design
- Natural elements in plants can spark ideas for sustainable design solutions
Creating a Plant-Filled Space for Optimal Creativity
To create a space that maximizes the creative benefits of indoor plants, consider incorporating a variety of species with different visual characteristics. This can include plants with striking foliage, colorful flowers, or unusual growth habits. By surrounding yourself with a diverse array of plants, you can create an environment that stimulates the senses and encourages creative exploration[18].
| Plant | Visual Characteristic | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fiddle Leaf Fig | Large, distinctive leaves with prominent veining |
| 2 | Polka Dot Plant | Colorful, spotted foliage in shades of pink, red, and white |
| 3 | Spiral Aloe | Unique, spiraling growth habit and textured leaves |
Balancing Creative Stimulation with a Calming Environment
While plants can provide visual inspiration and stimulate creativity, it is also important to balance this with a sense of calm and tranquility. Too much visual clutter or overstimulation can hinder the creative process and lead to feelings of stress or overwhelm. By carefully selecting and arranging plants in your space, you can create an environment that strikes a balance between creative inspiration and a peaceful, focused atmosphere conducive to productivity.
Building a Therapeutic Indoor Garden
Creating an indoor garden can be a powerful way to harness the therapeutic benefits of plants and bring a sense of nature into your living or working space. By carefully selecting plants and designing your garden to suit your needs and preferences, you can create a personalized oasis that promotes well-being and enhances your overall quality of life[19].
Choosing the Right Plants for Your Therapeutic Garden
When building a therapeutic indoor garden, it is important to choose plants that not only appeal to you visually but also provide the specific benefits you are seeking. Some factors to consider when selecting plants include:
- Air-purifying properties for improved indoor air quality
- Stress-reducing and mood-boosting effects
- Low-maintenance requirements for ease of care
- Visual appeal and personal preferences
Designing Your Indoor Garden for Maximum Therapeutic Benefits
Once you have selected your plants, it is important to design your indoor garden in a way that maximizes their therapeutic benefits. This can involve considering factors such as lighting, placement, and overall layout. Some tips for designing a therapeutic indoor garden include:
| Tip | Benefit | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Place plants in frequently used areas | Maximizes exposure to the therapeutic benefits of plants |
| 2 | Ensure proper lighting for each plant | Promotes healthy growth and vibrancy |
| 3 | Create a visually appealing layout | Enhances the aesthetic and therapeutic impact of the garden |
By carefully considering these factors, you can create an indoor garden that not only looks beautiful but also provides maximum therapeutic benefits[20].
Incorporating Mindfulness and Relaxation Practices
To further enhance the therapeutic benefits of your indoor garden, consider incorporating mindfulness and relaxation practices into your plant care routine. This can involve taking a few moments each day to focus on your plants, observing their growth and beauty, and engaging in gentle, nurturing activities such as watering or pruning. By combining plant care with mindfulness practices, you can cultivate a deeper sense of connection to nature and promote greater overall well-being[21].
Sharing Your Therapeutic Garden with Others
In addition to providing personal benefits, a therapeutic indoor garden can also be a source of joy and connection for others. Consider sharing your garden with friends, family, or coworkers, and encourage them to explore the benefits of indoor plants for themselves. By creating a shared space of natural beauty and tranquility, you can foster a sense of community and promote the well-being of those around you.
Incorporating Plants into Your Mental Wellness Routine
Integrating indoor plants into your daily life can be a powerful way to support your mental wellness and cultivate a sense of balance and tranquility. By making plants a regular part of your self-care routine, you can harness their therapeutic benefits and create a more nurturing and supportive environment for your overall well-being[22].
Daily Plant Care as a Mindfulness Practice
One way to incorporate plants into your mental wellness routine is to use daily plant care as a mindfulness practice. Set aside a few minutes each day to focus on your plants, observing their growth, and engaging in nurturing activities such as watering, pruning, or repotting. By bringing your full attention to these tasks, you can cultivate a sense of presence and connection to the natural world, promoting relaxation and reducing stress[23].
Creating a Plant-Filled Meditation Space
Another way to incorporate plants into your mental wellness routine is to create a dedicated meditation or relaxation space filled with indoor plants. Choose a quiet, comfortable area in your home or office and surround yourself with a variety of calming, air-purifying plants. Some ideal plants for a meditation space include:
- Lavender, known for its soothing scent and stress-reducing properties
- Jasmine, which can promote feelings of calm and well-being
- Snake plants, which are excellent air purifiers and require minimal care
- Pothos, which can help to remove toxins from the air and promote relaxation
By creating a plant-filled sanctuary, you can establish a peaceful environment that supports your mental wellness and helps you to feel more grounded and centered[24].
Incorporating Plants into Your Work Environment
In addition to your personal living space, incorporating plants into your work environment can also be a powerful way to support your mental wellness. Studies have shown that the presence of plants in the workplace can reduce stress, improve mood, and enhance overall job satisfaction. Consider adding a few low-maintenance plants to your desk or office space to create a more calming and supportive atmosphere.
| 1 | Spider Plant |
|---|---|
| 2 | Philodendron |
| 3 | Chinese Evergreen |
| 4 | Dracaena |
Sharing the Benefits of Plants with Others
Finally, consider sharing the benefits of plants with others as part of your mental wellness routine. Encourage your friends, family, and coworkers to incorporate plants into their own lives, and share cuttings or seedlings from your own collection. By fostering a sense of connection and community around plants, you can create a supportive network that promotes mental well-being for everyone involved.
References List
- Bringslimark, T., Hartig, T., & Patil, G. G. (2009). The psychological benefits of indoor plants: A critical review of the experimental literature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(4), 422-433.
- Dravigne, A., Waliczek, T. M., Lineberger, R. D., & Zajicek, J. M. (2008). The effect of live plants and window views of green spaces on employee perceptions of job satisfaction. HortScience, 43(1), 183-187.
- Fjeld, T., Veiersted, B., Sandvik, L., Riise, G., & Levy, F. (1998). The effect of indoor foliage plants on health and discomfort symptoms among office workers. Indoor and Built Environment, 7(4), 204-209.
- Han, K. T. (2009). Influence of limitedly visible leafy indoor plants on the psychology, behavior, and health of students at a junior high school in Taiwan. Environment and Behavior, 41(5), 658-692.
- Kaplan, R. (1993). The role of nature in the context of the workplace. Landscape and Urban Planning, 26(1-4), 193-201.
- Larsen, L., Adams, J., Deal, B., Kweon, B. S., & Tyler, E. (1998). Plants in the workplace: The effects of plant density on productivity, attitudes, and perceptions. Environment and Behavior, 30(3), 261-281.
- Lohr, V. I., & Pearson-Mims, C. H. (1996). Particulate matter accumulation on horizontal surfaces in interiors: Influence of foliage plants. Atmospheric Environment, 30(14), 2565-2568.
- Lohr, V. I., Pearson-Mims, C. H., & Goodwin, G. K. (1996). Interior plants may improve worker productivity and reduce stress in a windowless environment. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 14(2), 97-100.
- Park, S. H., & Mattson, R. H. (2008). Effects of flowering and foliage plants in hospital rooms on patients recovering from abdominal surgery. HortTechnology, 18(4), 563-568.
- Park, S. H., & Mattson, R. H. (2009). Ornamental indoor plants in hospital rooms enhanced health outcomes of patients recovering from surgery. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15(9), 975-980.
- Raanaas, R. K., Evensen, K. H., Rich, D., Sjøstrøm, G., & Patil, G. (2011). Benefits of indoor plants on attention capacity in an office setting. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(1), 99-105.
- Shibata, S., & Suzuki, N. (2002). Effects of the foliage plant on task performance and mood. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 22(3), 265-272.
- Shibata, S., & Suzuki, N. (2004). Effects of an indoor plant on creative task performance and mood. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 45(5), 373-381.
- Thomsen, J. D., Sønderstrup-Andersen, H. K., & Müller, R. (2011). People-plant relationships in an office workplace: Perceived benefits for the workplace and employees. HortScience, 46(5), 744-752.
- Wolverton, B. C., Johnson, A., & Bounds, K. (1989). Interior landscape plants for indoor air pollution abatement. NASA Technical Report NASA-TM-101766.
- Clatworthy, J., Hinds, J., & Camic, P. M. (2013). Gardening as a mental health intervention: A review. Mental Health Review Journal, 18(4), 214-225.
- Korpela, K., De Bloom, J., Sianoja, M., Pasanen, T., & Kinnunen, U. (2017). Nature at home and at work: Naturally good? Links between window views, indoor plants, outdoor activities and employee well-being over one year. Landscape and Urban Planning, 160, 38-47.
- Nieuwenhuis, M., Knight, C., Postmes, T., & Haslam, S. A. (2014). The relative benefits of green versus lean office space: Three field experiments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 20(3), 199-214.
- Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., Losito, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A., & Zelson, M. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11(3), 201-230.
- van den Berg, A. E., Wesselius, J. E., Maas, J., & Tanja-Dijkstra, K. (2017). Green walls for a restorative classroom environment: A controlled evaluation study. Environment and Behavior, 49(7), 791-813.
- Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), 169-182.
- Raanaas, R. K., Patil, G. G., & Hartig, T. (2012). Health benefits of a view of nature through the window: A quasi-experimental study of patients in a residential rehabilitation center. Clinical Rehabilitation, 26(1), 21-32.
- Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224(4647), 420-421.
- Brown, D. K., Barton, J. L., & Gladwell, V. F. (2013). Viewing nature scenes positively affects recovery of autonomic function following acute-mental stress. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(11), 5562-5569.
Frequently Asked Questions
Indoor plants offer numerous benefits, including improved air quality, reduced stress and anxiety, enhanced mood and productivity, and increased feelings of well-being. They can also add aesthetic value to your living or working space and create a more inviting atmosphere.
Many indoor plants have been shown to remove harmful toxins and pollutants from the air, such as formaldehyde, benzene, and trichloroethylene. They do this through a process called phytoremediation, where the plants absorb the pollutants through their leaves and roots and break them down into harmless byproducts.
Some easy-to-care-for indoor plants include snake plants, pothos, spider plants, ZZ plants, and peace lilies. These plants are generally forgiving and can tolerate a range of light conditions and watering schedules, making them ideal for beginners or those with busy lifestyles.
You can incorporate plants into your mental wellness routine by using plant care as a mindfulness practice, creating a plant-filled meditation space, or adding plants to your work environment. Engaging in regular plant care activities, such as watering or pruning, can help you cultivate a sense of presence and connection to nature, promoting relaxation and reducing stress.
Yes, studies have shown that the presence of indoor plants can help alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression. Plants can create a calming and restorative environment, reducing feelings of stress and promoting a more positive mood. Engaging in plant care activities can also provide a sense of purpose and accomplishment, which can be beneficial for mental well-being.
The number of indoor plants you should have in your home or office depends on various factors, such as the size of the space, the amount of available light, and your personal preferences. As a general rule, aim to have at least one plant per 100 square feet of space. However, even a few strategically placed plants can provide significant benefits.
Yes, indoor plants can contribute to physical health in several ways. They can help improve air quality, which can reduce the risk of respiratory issues and other health problems associated with indoor air pollution. Additionally, the presence of plants has been shown to lower blood pressure, reduce headaches and fatigue, and promote faster recovery from illness or surgery.
Reference list
- Bringslimark, T., Hartig, T., & Patil, G. G. (2009). The psychological benefits of indoor plants: A critical review of the experimental literature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(4), 422-433.
- Dravigne, A., Waliczek, T. M., Lineberger, R. D., & Zajicek, J. M. (2008). The effect of live plants and window views of green spaces on employee perceptions of job satisfaction. HortScience, 43(1), 183-187.
- Fjeld, T., Veiersted, B., Sandvik, L., Riise, G., & Levy, F. (1998). The effect of indoor foliage plants on health and discomfort symptoms among office workers. Indoor and Built Environment, 7(4), 204-209.
- Han, K. T. (2009). Influence of limitedly visible leafy indoor plants on the psychology, behavior, and health of students at a junior high school in Taiwan. Environment and Behavior, 41(5), 658-692.
- Kaplan, R. (1993). The role of nature in the context of the workplace. Landscape and Urban Planning, 26(1-4), 193-201.
- Larsen, L., Adams, J., Deal, B., Kweon, B. S., & Tyler, E. (1998). Plants in the workplace: The effects of plant density on productivity, attitudes, and perceptions. Environment and Behavior, 30(3), 261-281.
- Lohr, V. I., & Pearson-Mims, C. H. (1996). Particulate matter accumulation on horizontal surfaces in interiors: Influence of foliage plants. Atmospheric Environment, 30(14), 2565-2568.
- Lohr, V. I., Pearson-Mims, C. H., & Goodwin, G. K. (1996). Interior plants may improve worker productivity and reduce stress in a windowless environment. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 14(2), 97-100.
- Park, S. H., & Mattson, R. H. (2008). Effects of flowering and foliage plants in hospital rooms on patients recovering from abdominal surgery. HortTechnology, 18(4), 563-568.
- Park, S. H., & Mattson, R. H. (2009). Ornamental indoor plants in hospital rooms enhanced health outcomes of patients recovering from surgery. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15(9), 975-980.
- Raanaas, R. K., Evensen, K. H., Rich, D., Sjøstrøm, G., & Patil, G. (2011). Benefits of indoor plants on attention capacity in an office setting. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(1), 99-105.
- Shibata, S., & Suzuki, N. (2002). Effects of the foliage plant on task performance and mood. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 22(3), 265-272.
- Shibata, S., & Suzuki, N. (2004). Effects of an indoor plant on creative task performance and mood. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 45(5), 373-381.
- Thomsen, J. D., Sønderstrup-Andersen, H. K., & Müller, R. (2011).People-plant relationships in an office workplace: Perceived benefits for the workplace and employees. HortScience, 46(5), 744-752.
- Wolverton, B. C., Johnson, A., & Bounds, K. (1989). Interior landscape plants for indoor air pollution abatement. NASA Technical Report NASA-TM-101766.
- Clatworthy, J., Hinds, J., & Camic, P. M. (2013). Gardening as a mental health intervention: A review. Mental Health Review Journal, 18(4), 214-225.
- Korpela, K., De Bloom, J., Sianoja, M., Pasanen, T., & Kinnunen, U. (2017). Nature at home and at work: Naturally good? Links between window views, indoor plants, outdoor activities and employee well-being over one year. Landscape and Urban Planning, 160, 38-47.
- Nieuwenhuis, M., Knight, C., Postmes, T., & Haslam, S. A. (2014). The relative benefits of green versus lean office space: Three field experiments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 20(3), 199-214.
- Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., Losito, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A., & Zelson, M. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11(3), 201-230.
- van den Berg, A. E., Wesselius, J. E., Maas, J., & Tanja-Dijkstra, K. (2017). Green walls for a restorative classroom environment: A controlled evaluation study. Environment and Behavior, 49(7), 791-813.
- Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), 169-182.
- Raanaas, R. K., Patil, G. G., & Hartig, T. (2012). Health benefits of a view of nature through the window: A quasi-experimental study of patients in a residential rehabilitation center. Clinical Rehabilitation, 26(1), 21-32.
- Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224(4647), 420-421.
- Brown, D. K., Barton, J. L., & Gladwell, V. F. (2013). Viewing nature scenes positively affects recovery of autonomic function following acute-mental stress. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(11), 5562-5569.
